Kwashiorkor pdf

Kwashiorkor can be life-threatening if left untreated. Education on nutrition starts with the mother prior to childbirth. It is important to educate mothers to be healthy during pregnancy in order to meet the nutritional demands of the child and herself.

Educating them on how to adequately nourish their child is also crucial. The diagnosis and management of kwashiorkor are with an interprofessional team that includes the primary care provider, nurse practitioner, dietitian, internist, gastroenterologist, rheumatologist, and cardiologist. It is important to know that this is a chronic and complex calorie deprivation disorder that affects almost every organ in the body.

Fluid correction requires care as these children often have poor heart function. Electrolytes disturbances have to be corrected and calories slowly increased. The primary condition causing the calorie deprivation must be treated, otherwise, the child will not recover The outcomes for many children are guarded, especially if the CNS has been affected.

Even those who survive may have a significant delay in growth and complete recovery may not be possible. This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Turn recording back on. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. StatPearls [Internet]. Search term. Kwashiorkor Onecia Benjamin ; Sarah L. Continuing Education Activity Kwashiorkor is a disease marked by severe protein malnutrition and bilateral extremity swelling.

Introduction Kwashiorkor is a disease marked by severe protein malnutrition and bilateral extremity swelling. Etiology The etiology of kwashiorkor is fairly unknown, but diets based mainly on maize, cassava, or rice are frequently associated with the disease.

Epidemiology Kwashiorkor is rare in the United States. Pathophysiology Kwashiorkor is characterized by peripheral edema in a person suffering from starvation. History and Physical The clinical manifestations of kwashiorkor include the following: Peripheral pitting edema that begins in dependent regions and proceeds cranially. Evaluation The World Health Organization has a classification system for evaluating malnutrition severity that determines wasting versus kwashiorkor. Differential Diagnosis Following are some important differentials of kwashiorkor: Acrodermatitis enteropathica.

Prognosis In kwashiorkor, mortality decreases as the age of onset of the disease increases. Complications Some complications of kwashiorkor include: Hepatomegaly from the fatty liver. Abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract including atrophy of the pancreas with subsequent glucose intolerance, atrophy of the mucosa of the small intestine, lactase deficiency, ileus, bacterial overgrowth, which can lead to bacterial septicemia and death.

Endocrinopathies where insulin levels are decreased; growth hormone is increased, but insulin-like growth factor levels are reduced. This leads to insulin intolerance. Deterrence and Patient Education Education on nutrition starts with the mother prior to childbirth. Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes The diagnosis and management of kwashiorkor are with an interprofessional team that includes the primary care provider, nurse practitioner, dietitian, internist, gastroenterologist, rheumatologist, and cardiologist.

Review Questions Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. References 1. Acute kwashiorkor in the setting of cerebral palsy and pancreatic insufficiency. BMC Pediatr. West-Eberhard MJ. Nutrition, the visceral immune system, and the evolutionary origins of pathogenic obesity. Co-morbidity, treatment outcomes and factors affecting the recovery rate of under -five children with severe acute malnutrition admitted in selected hospitals from Ethiopia: retrospective follow up study.

Nutr J. Malar Res Treat. Grellety E, Golden MH. Severely malnourished children with a low weight-for-height have a higher mortality than those with a low mid-upper-arm-circumference: I. Empirical data demonstrates Simpson's paradox. Severely malnourished children with a low weight-for-height have similar mortality to those with a low mid-upper-arm-circumference: II. Systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

Food Nutr Bull. Implementing WHO feeding guidelines for inpatient management of malnourished children. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. Moges T, Haidar J. Management and outcome of severely malnourished children admitted to Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Ethiopia. East Afr J Public Health. Improving the management of severe acute malnutrition in an area of high HIV prevalence.

J Trop Pediatr. Surviving but not quite thriving: anthropometric survey of children aged 6 to 59 months in a rural Western Uganda district. J Am Diet Assoc. A large-scale operational study of home-based therapy with ready-to-use therapeutic food in childhood malnutrition in Malawi.

Matern Child Nutr. Ndzo JA, Jackson A. BMC Res Notes. Myocardial and haemodynamic responses to two fluid regimens in African children with severe malnutrition and hypovolaemic shock AFRIM study.

Crit Care. J Health Popul Nutr. In: StatPearls [Internet]. In this Page. Related information. Similar articles in PubMed.

Beau JP, Sy A. Using of WHO guidelines for the management of severe malnutrition to cases of marasmus and kwashiorkor in a Colombia children's hospital. Nutr Hosp. Assessment of potential indicators for protein-energy malnutrition in the algorithm for integrated management of childhood illness.

Bull World Health Organ. S Afr Med J. Am J Clin Nutr. An excessive amount of milk can lead patbophysiology severe diarrhea, resulting in dehydration and loss of nutrients. If the individual is in shock, immediate medical intervention is needed to restore blood volume and maintain blood pressure to prevent any life-threatening conditions that could eventually result in death.

The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for informational purposes only. Depression and eating styles are independently associated with dietary intake. The aetiology of kwashioror is truly not known. Peroxidative damage of the erythrocyte membrane in children with nephrotic syndrome. Children with persistent nephrotic syndrome lose plasma water into the interstitium because of their low oncotic pressure, and as a consequence have chronic intra-vascular hypovolaemia.

Please review our privacy policy. A diet controlled by supplementing calcium caseinate, a source of protein, allows medical staff to differentiate if the the diarrhea is caused by excess carbohydrates from lactose in the milk or due to an infection. If treatment comes too late, a child may have permanent physical and mental disabilities.

The corrected albumin concentrations measured in children with apthophysiology a compared to children with marasmus in 12 studies, and b before and after feeding in 10 studies, four of which tested two different milks. Peripheral pitting edema that begins in dependent regions and proceeds cranially. This compares to a mean daily increase of 0. Survival is improved if sulphur containing antioxidants are given during treatment.

This means in patients suffering from kwashiorkor, protein must be introduced back into the diet pathophysioloyg. In the s, it was recognized as a public health crisis by the World Health Organization.

Trace Elements, Micronutrients and Free Radicals. Serum-albumin as a prognostic indicator in oedematous malnutrition. They will mobilise large quantities of oedema as urine, re-establish a stable circulation, and will have a virtually guaranteed survival. Beau JP, Sy A. Metabolic teamwork between gut microbes and hosts. The World Health Organization has a classification system for evaluating for malnutrition severity that determines wasting versus kwashiorkor.

The two conditions also share similarly altered hormonal profiles. Without treatment or if treatment occurs too late, death is inevitable. Protein catabolism involves the urea cyclewhich is located in the liver and can easily overwhelm the capacity of an already damaged organ.